शिक्षण : प्रकृति, उद्देश्य, विशेषताएँ और आवश्यकताएँ (Teaching: Nature, Objectives, Characteristics, and Basic Requirements)
Overview (परिचय)
- English: Teaching is the process of helping students learn and grow by sharing knowledge, skills, and values.
- Hindi: शिक्षण छात्रों को ज्ञान, कौशल, और मूल्यों को सिखाने की प्रक्रिया है, जिससे वे सीखें और बढ़ें।
1. शिक्षण का अर्थ (Meaning of Teaching)
What is it? (यह क्या है?)
- English: Teaching means guiding students to understand and use knowledge through activities and interaction.
- Hindi: शिक्षण का मतलब छात्रों को गतिविधियों और संवाद के माध्यम से ज्ञान समझने और इस्तेमाल करने में मदद करना है।
Key Points:
- It involves a teacher (शिक्षक) and student (शिक्षार्थी).
- It can be formal (in schools) or informal (at home).
- Example: A teacher explains math in class (formal); a parent teaches a game (informal).
Trick:
- Think: “Shikshak + Shiksharthi = Seekhna” (Teacher + Student = Learning).
- Identify: Is it in a classroom or daily life?
Table:
| Type | Example | Setting |
|---|---|---|
| Formal | Math class | School |
| Informal | Cooking lesson | Home |
Exam Focus:
- Differentiate formal vs. informal teaching (e.g., MCQs).
2. शिक्षण का उद्देश्य (Objectives of Teaching)
What is it? (यह क्या है?)
- English: Objectives are the goals of teaching, like developing thinking, skills, or values.
- Hindi: उद्देश्य शिक्षण के लक्ष्य हैं, जैसे सोचने की क्षमता, कौशल, या मूल्यों का विकास।
Key Types (Bloom’s Taxonomy):
- Cognitive (ज्ञानात्मक): Knowledge and thinking (e.g., understanding history).
- Affective (भावात्मक): Feelings and values (e.g., respecting others).
- Psychomotor (हस्तक्षेप): Skills and actions (e.g., writing neatly).
Example:
- Cognitive: Learn 2+2=4.
- Affective: Show kindness.
- Psychomotor: Draw a circle.
Trick:
- Remember: “CAP” – Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor.
- Match objective to student activity (e.g., writing = Psychomotor).
Table:
| Objective Type | Goal | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive | Knowledge | Learn facts |
| Affective | Values | Be honest |
| Psychomotor | Skills | Draw well |
Exam Focus:
- Identify objective type from examples (e.g., “Solve a sum” = Cognitive).
3. शिक्षण की विशेषताएँ (Characteristics of Teaching)
What is it? (यह क्या है?)
- English: Features that define teaching, like being a continuous process or interactive.
- Hindi: शिक्षण को परिभाषित करने वाली विशेषताएँ, जैसे निरंतर प्रक्रिया या संवादात्मक होना।
Key Points:
- Continuous Process: Keeps evolving (e.g., daily lessons improve).
- Linguistic Process: Uses language to teach.
- Therapeutic Process: Helps students’ mental growth.
- Interactive: Teacher and student work together.
- Example: A teacher explains and asks questions (interactive).
Trick:
- Think: “CLIT” – Continuous, Linguistic, Interactive, Therapeutic.
- Look for teacher-student involvement.
Table:
| Characteristic | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Continuous | Ongoing | Daily lessons |
| Linguistic | Language-based | Explaining words |
| Interactive | Two-way | Question-answer |
| Therapeutic | Mental growth | Encouraging students |
Exam Focus:
- Match characteristics to teaching scenarios (e.g., “Discussion” = Interactive).
4. शिक्षण की मूल आवश्यकताएँ (Basic Requirements of Teaching)
What is it? (यह क्या है?)
- English: Essential things needed for effective teaching, like motivation and resources.
- Hindi: प्रभावी शिक्षण के लिए जरूरी चीजें, जैसे प्रेरणा और संसाधन।
Key Requirements:
- Teacher’s Skills: Knowledge, patience.
- Motivation: Internal (interest) or external (rewards).
- Resources: Books, blackboard, technology.
- Environment: Quiet, supportive classroom.
- Example: A teacher uses a chart to explain (resource).
Trick:
- Remember: “TREM” – Teacher, Resources, Environment, Motivation.
- Check: What does the teacher need to succeed?
Table:
| Requirement | Example | Importance |
|---|---|---|
| Teacher | Skilled guide | Leads learning |
| Resources | Books, charts | Aids understanding |
| Environment | Quiet room | Helps focus |
| Motivation | Praise | Encourages effort |
Exam Focus:
- Identify missing requirements (e.g., “No books” = Resource issue).
5. शिक्षण के प्रकार (Types of Teaching)
What is it? (यह क्या है?)
- English: Different ways of teaching based on goals, methods, or governance.
- Hindi: शिक्षण के विभिन्न तरीके, जो लक्ष्यों, तरीकों, या शासन पर आधारित हैं।
Key Types:
- Pre-Active Phase: Planning (e.g., lesson preparation).
- Inter-Active Phase: Teaching (e.g., explaining in class).
- Post-Active Phase: Evaluation (e.g., testing students).
- Based on Governance: Government or private schools.
- Example: Planning a lesson (Pre-Active), teaching it (Inter-Active), testing it (Post-Active).
Trick:
- Think: “PIP” – Pre-Active, Inter-Active, Post-Active.
- Follow the teaching flow: Plan → Teach → Check.
Table:
| Phase | Activity | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-Active | Planning | Making a lesson plan |
| Inter-Active | Teaching | Explaining a topic |
| Post-Active | Evaluation | Giving a test |
Exam Focus:
- Match phases to teaching steps (e.g., “Test” = Post-Active).
6. शिक्षण के सिद्धांत (Principles of Teaching)
What is it? (यह क्या है?)
- English: Rules or ideas that guide effective teaching.
- Hindi: प्रभावी शिक्षण को निर्देशित करने वाले नियम या विचार।
Key Principles:
- Activity-Based: Learning by doing (e.g., experiments).
- Child-Centered: Focus on student needs.
- Progressive: Step-by-step learning.
- Example: A science experiment teaches gravity (Activity-Based).
Trick:
- Remember: “ACP” – Activity, Child-Centered, Progressive.
- Focus on student involvement.
Table:
| Principle | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Activity | Learn by doing | Science experiment |
| Child-Centered | Focus on child | Tailored lessons |
| Progressive | Step-by-step | Start with basics |
Exam Focus:
- Apply principles to teaching methods (e.g., “Group work” = Activity).
7. शिक्षण के आधार (Basis of Teaching)
What is it? (यह क्या है?)
- English: Teaching based on learning levels, management, or actions.
- Hindi: शिक्षण जो सीखने के स्तर, प्रबंधन, या गतिविधियों पर आधारित हो।
Key Bases:
- Learning Levels: Signal, Stimulus-Response, Chain Learning.
- Management: Educational system or governance.
- Actions: Presentation, Performance.
- Example: Using signals to teach (Signal Learning).
Trick:
- Think: “LMA” – Learning Levels, Management, Actions.
- Match to teaching style (e.g., “Repetition” = Stimulus-Response).
Table:
| Basis | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Learning | Signal | Hand signals |
| Management | System | School rules |
| Actions | Presentation | Showing a chart |
Exam Focus:
- Identify basis from teaching examples (e.g., “Demonstration” = Actions).
Easy Technical Terms Explained (आसान शब्दों में तकनीकी शब्द)
| Term (English) | Term (Hindi) | Simple Meaning (English) | Simple Meaning (Hindi) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Objective | उद्देश्य | Goal of teaching | शिक्षण का लक्ष्य |
| Characteristic | विशेषता | Special feature | खास गुण |
| Requirement | आवश्यकता | Needed thing | जरूरी चीज |
| Phase | चरण | Step or stage | कदम या स्तर |
| Principle | सिद्धांत | Guiding rule | मार्गदर्शक नियम |
Practice Questions (अभ्यास प्रश्न)
- English: What is the pre-active phase of teaching?
Answer: Planning lessons.
Hindi: शिक्षण का पूर्व-चरण क्या है?
उत्तर: पाठ योजना बनाना। - English: Give an example of an affective objective.
Answer: Show respect.
Hindi: भावात्मक उद्देश्य का एक उदाहरण दें।
उत्तर: सम्मान दिखाना। - English: Name one characteristic of teaching.
Answer: Continuous process.
Hindi: शिक्षण की एक विशेषता बताएँ।
उत्तर: निरंतर प्रक्रिया।
Final Tips for Exams (परीक्षा के लिए सुझाव)
English:
- Memorize “CAP” (Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor) objectives.
- Use tables for quick revision of phases and principles.
- Practice identifying teaching types from examples.
Hindi:
- “CAP” (ज्ञानात्मक, भावात्मक, हस्तक्षेप) उद्देश्यों को याद करें।
- चरणों और सिद्धांतों के लिए टेबल से जल्दी रिवीजन करें।
- उदाहरणों से शिक्षण के प्रकार पहचानने का अभ्यास करें।
General Knowledge Indian History प्रत्येक उत्तर के +1 पॉइंट आपको मिलेंगे और गलत उत्तर के 0 पॉइंट, START TEST का बटन दबाकर आप TEST को शुरू कर सकते हैं उत्तर सही होने पर हरा रंग का उत्तर दिखेगा गलत होने पर लाल रंग का उत्तर दिखेगा अंत में FINISH TEST का बटन दबाकर टेस्ट को समाप्त करे, और आपने कितने अंक प्राप्त किए उसे देखें